Germany – Response to Case 2009
Question 1 Is there legislation in your country regarding the use of renewable energy or regulating energy efficiency at planning or constructional stage of buildings? Can municipalities create their own (or higher) regulations?
1.1 Legislation concerning Energy Efficiency
With the Integrated Energy and Climate Programme (Integriertes Energie- und Klimaprogramm- IEKP)1 the Federal Government of Germany adopted specific measures in 2007 to meet the energy saving objectives until 2020. For the reduction of greenhouse gases the building sector is playing a central role. In Germany the buildings sector causes ca. 25% of CO² emissions2 and spends ca. 40% of the final energy for room heating, hot water and lighting.3 Against this background a new generation of energy speciality laws aiming to protect the climate are to be established comprehending the use of renewable energies as well as energy efficiency. Of particular importance to urban development thereby are the reviews of the Regulation for Energy Saving in Buildings and Building Systems4 (Gesetz zur Einsparung von Energie in Gebäuden – EnEG), the Energy Savings Ordinance5 (Energieeinsparverordnung – EnEV) based thereupon, the Renewable Energies Heat Act6(Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz – EEWärmeG), the Renewable Energies Law7 (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz – EEG) and the Combined Heat and Power Law 8(Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsgesetz – KWKG).9
1.1.1 Regulation for Energy Saving in Buildings and Building Systems (EnEG) and Energy Savings Ordinance (EnEV)
The Regulation for Energy Saving in Buildings and Building Systems regulates the areas of heating systems for buildings and hot water generation with a specifically high energy savings potential. The Energy Savings Ordinance in its valid version of 2007 (EnEV 2007) was decreed based on the Regulation for Saving Energy in Buildings and Building Systems, a regulation whose demands concerning building systems it specifies. The review of the EnEV in 2009, coming into force on the October 1, 2009 aims to further raise the energetic demands on new buildings and the building stock.
1.1.2 Renewable Energies Heat Act (EEWärmeG)
The EEWärmeG that came into force on January 1, 2009 aims at – according to §1 paragraph 1-enabling a sustainable energy supply in order to accelerate climate protection, protect fossil resources and decrease dependence on energy imports. To achieve this objective of the legislation in an economically reasonable way the EEWärmeG is to contribute to raise the share of renewable energies on final energy consumption by 14% until 2020.10
The energy demand for the construction of new buildings is to be covered to a certain percentage by renewable energies according to §3 paragraph 1 EEWärmeG. For the performance of this duty solar energy can be used as well as solid, liquid or gaseous biomass, geothermal and solar thermal energy. According to §7 EEWärmeG the obligation to partially use renewable energies can also be met by “compensational measures”. §8 EEWärmeG also enables the combination of using different renewable energies and implementing compensational measures.
1.1.3 Renewable Energies Law (EEG)
According to §1 EEG the purpose of this legislation is to enable sustainable energy supply for the benefit of climate and environmental protection, to reduce economic costs of energy supply by comprising long term external effects, conserving fossil energy resources and promoting the advancement of technologies for the generation of power from Renewable Energies. To achieve this objective §1 paragraph 2 EEG stipulates to raise the share of Renewable Energies on the energy supply by at least 30% until 2020 and then continuously. With the EEG facility operators of renewable energies become entitled to have their facility connected to public power network so that the power generated can be consumed, transmitted and remunerated.
1.1.4 Combined Heat and Power Law (KWKG)
The purpose of the “law for the maintenance, the modernisation and the extension of combined heat and power (CHP)” is to contribute to raise the power generation of CHP to 25% for the benefit of energy savings, nature protection and achievement of climate protection objectives.11 This is to be achieved by a restricted protection of the existing, promoting modernisation and the new construction of CHP-facilities, supporting market launch of the fuel cell as well as by promoting the construction and extension of heat networks in that heat of CHP-facilities is fed.12
1.2.1 Can municipalities create their own (higher) standards?
1.2.2 Own standards
a) Urban Planning law
Municipalities can within the framework of their municipal self-administration use the instruments of land-use planning to set specifications for the use of renewable energies and for energy efficiency in the area of urban development (see also answer 2). By doing so they adhere to the legal framework of the Federal Building Code (Baugesetzbuch – BauGB)13 provided by the federal government and apply the instruments contained. By combining different instruments of planning legislation and its options to regulate renewable energies and energy efficiency the municipalities can develop specific legal specifications for the development of land-use areas. These can be adopted for the respective spatial situation or the use of renewable energies. Furthermore the municipality – in consideration of specific legal environment protection requirements – decides on their local climate protection objectives and how these are to be achieved.
b) Building Control Law
Next to the Planning law regulated uniformly by federal law the federal states have more manoeuvring room in the area of energy efficiency and energy savings through building control law14 regulated by the federal states. Some federal states have included regulations for the benefit of climate protection and energy savings in their building control law (currently: Hamburg, Hessen, Saarland).15
In the federal state Hessen municipalities can prohibit the use of specific fuels or regulate specific heating systems within their communal area or parts of it by applying §81 paragraph 2 building regulation of Hessen (HBO)16 if this is demanded due to the local situation in order to avoid dangers, environmental pollution or unacceptable disadvantages or disturbances or for the consideration of general public interest. The heating systems permissible are not allowed to cause higher environmental pollution or a higher consumption of primary energies than the heating systems excluded. The regulation however does not legitimate to implement a general climate protection policy in the area of energy supply and generation.17
Based on § 81 paragraph 2 HBO the City of Marburg (Hesse) issued a so called „Solar Statue“ on June 20, 2008. According to §3 ff of the statue the builders are bound to install and operate solar thermal facilities when constructing, extending or changing a heated building. The validation of the statue is however contested and currently subject of legal proceedings.18
1.2.3. Tightening existing (Speciality Law) Regulations
Parallel to the possibilities to set specifications in the area of renewable energy and energy efficiency in urban planning by applying the planning law (see answer2) the demands of the speciality laws mentioned above are in force. Partially regulations are included that allow for further demands regarding renewable energy and energy efficiency to be made by the municipality.
§ 2 paragraph 4 EnEG allows to make higher demands on heating, air conditioning, lighting and hot water supply systems or facilities in buildings by applying other legal measures. Though the legislator intended to disburden planning law with the EnEV based on the EnEG by setting extensive specialty law requirements a municipality may still intend to make further demands than provided for by the valid EnEV 2007 but also by the EnEV2009 and to embody this by means of the planning law.19Raising the demand in such a manner however requires a thorough (urbanistic) weighing of interests in the sense of §1 paragraph 7 BauGB. Evidence has to be provided in particular that the tightened demands do not generate non-economical expenditures for the obligated party.
The EEWärmeG allows choosing the type of Renewable energy or compensational measures for fulfilling the use obligation. In this regard the question is posed particularly in the area of planning law if a municipality on the basis of an urban land-use plan can mandatory stipulate the use of one type of renewable energy (for instance solar energy) and thus exclude other types of renewable energies. The freedom of choice stipulated in the EEWärmeG regarding the type of renewable energy selected would hereby be restricted. Such a restriction within the framework of urban land-use planning by law in force is contested. The effort for the explanatory statement of urban planning in the sense of §1 paragraph 7 BauGB hereby rises in any case.20
Question 2: Are there special regulations for renewable energies or energy efficiency in planning law? Has the legislation mentioned in question one influenced planning law?
2.1 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Planning Law
Parallel to climate protection being promoted in special regulations such as the regulations for Renewable energy mentioned above climate protection by promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency is developing in urban planning. Provisions for urban development are laid down in the Federal Building Code. Thereby it has to be differentiated between general urban development law and special urban planning development law. Crucial instrument of general urban planning law is the urban land-use planning.21 Land-use plans are the preparatory land use plan (Flächennutzungsplan – FNP) and the binding land-use plan (Bebauungsplan – B-Plan). The special urban planning law includes next to regulations regarding urban renewal and maintenance the right to apply urban development measures as well as urban redevelopment. Instruments of general and special urban planning law can be applied to incorporate aspects of renewable energy and energy efficiency and with it climate protection into urban planning. General starting points within urban development are22:
– open space protection and open space development
– concentration of urban structures
– settlement structures that avoid traffic
– building related measures for energy savings (new buildings and reconstruction)
– use of and legal framework for renewable energies and
– protection of resources The specific possibilities of regulation for renewable energy and energy efficiency for the general and the special urban planning law will be outlined below.
2.1.1 General Urban Planning Law
In urban land-use planning climate protection had so far been restricted to the local and regional climate. With the review of the Federal Building Code in 200423 general climate protection was introduced to form a major task of urban land-use planning. § 1 para. 5 s. 2 BauGB commits urban land-use planning to ensure a humane environment and to protect and develop means of livelihood “also in responsibility for general climate protection”.24 The planning guideline of §1 para. 5 s. 2 BauGB is supplemented by issues of environment protection concretised in §1 para. 6 no. 7. Direct relation to renewable energy and energy efficiency bears §1 para. 6 no. 7 lit f. BauGB. Accordingly the use of renewable energy and the economical and efficient use of energy (energy savings) are to be considered for land-use planning.
a) Preparatory land-use planning
Preparatory land-use planning with its options for designation allows for manifold regulation approaches for the municipalities particularly with regard to the spatial distribution of renewable energy. Focuses lie on the task to assess the impact of laying claims to land and the settlement structures and determine and coordinate concentration zones as well as other location decisions for climate relevant energy carriers. By the means of the options for designation listed in §5 paragraph 2 BauGB open space areas can be protected by designation as area for public goods (no. 2), green space (no. 5), sheet of water (no. 7) or area for agriculture and forest (no. 9). The option for designation as public utility use according to §5 para. 2 no 4 can be used to dedicate land for renewable energy.
b) Binding land-use planning
Practically relevant for renewable energies and energy efficiency is the binding land-use planning. According to §9 BauGB it is possible to include specific regulations for renewable energies and energy efficiency in the binding land-use plan.25
– regulations for the passive use of solar energy and for decreasing the energy demand (§ 9 para. 1 no. 2 BauGB). This particularly relates to the type of construction, the alignment of buildings and the avoidance of shadows.
– regulations that impose prohibition or restrictions of air contaminating substances (§ 9 para. 1 no. 23 lit. a BauGB).
– regulations for the use of Renewable Energies. It is however discussed controversially if the actual installation can be ordered by such a regulation.26
– regulations for implementing CO2 saving energy supply concepts (§ 9 para. 1 no. 12, 13 and 21 BauGB).
– regulations regarding the protection against harmful environmental effects (§ 9 para. 1 no. 24 BauGB).
For binding land-use plans the options for regulation listed in § 9 paragraph 1 BauGB are final. Municipalities are not entitled to “invent” further regulations – also with regard to aspects of renewable energies and energy efficiency.27 The project-based binding land-use plan according to § 12 BauGB however is not bound to this conclusive list.28 In a project-based binding land-use plan further measures for energy savings and energy efficiency can be taken, for instance the construction and operation of facilities for the use of solar energy in building areas.
c) Urban Development Contract
As one form of cooperative planning the general urban planning law allows for a range of contractual agreements under the term urban development contract (§ 11 BauGB). Subject of an urban development contract can be according to § 11 para. 1 s. 2 no. 4 BauGB “the use of networks and facilities of combined heat and power generation as well as of solar power facilities for the heat, refrigeration and electricity supply corresponding to the goals pursued by the urban development planning measures applied”.29 Since the list of urban development contracts in §11 BauGB is not final further measures in the area of renewable energies and energy efficiency can be subject of urban development contracts if the contracting parties agree upon these.
2.1.2 Special Urban Planning Law
The special urban planning law does not specifically relate to climate protection. There are however several starting points that could be used with regard to the use of renewable energies and energy efficiency.
a) Urban Rehabilitation Measure
Urban rehabilitation measures are measures by means of which an area is substantially improved or transformed with the public purpose of alleviating urban deficits.30 These measures can be taken if a physical31 or functional32 deficit is evident. A physical deficit for instance can occur if the majority of buildings of a neighbourhood do not meet the energetic requirements for sustainable climate protection with regard to their thermal insulation. A functional deficit could be substantiated if a neighbourhood is not equipped with climate friendly infrastructures.
b) Urban Redevelopment
The urban redevelopment law (§§ 171a-171d BauGB) forms a further starting point for renewable energies and energy efficiency. It can be used for the development of climate friendly, compact urban structures. Each urban redevelopment measure provided for by § 171a paragraph 3 BauGB can make a lasting contribution to climate protection.
c) Private Initiatives for Urban Development
Private initiatives for urban planning were included in Urban Planning Law with the EAG Bau 2004. They feature the highest innovative potential in the area of renewable energies and energy efficiency. § 171f BauGB regulates that land can be designated for the implementation of measures relevant to the location that serve the strengthening and development of parts of the city centre, neighbourhood centres, neighbourhoods and commercial centres as well as of other areas important to urban development. This has to be done in line with the law of the respective federal state and based on a concept aligned to the urban development objectives of the municipality. Prerequisite is that the federal states have included correspondent regulations in their federal state law. So far this concept is mainly applied for Business Improvement Districts (BIDs).33 First Housing Improvement Districts (HIDs) are in preparation.34 To transfuse the model of private initiatives to the areas renewable energies and energy efficiency principally appears to be possible.35 In such a Climate Improvement District neighbourhood related measures of renewable energy generation such as block heating stations and their common financing could be regulated.
2.2 Demands on Urban Planning Law from Speciality Laws
The regulations of speciality laws for the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency already existing and those planned on basis of the Integrated Energy and Climate Concepts partially have spatial effects and therefore are relevant for spatial planning and planning law. The demands on Urban Planning Law from the speciality laws already dealt with in answer 1 will be illustrated below.
The EnEV, decreed on basis of the EnEG, aims at limiting the energy consumption of buildings by setting constructional and facility-specific requirements on thermal insulation and thereby on the energetic quality of the building shell. Neither the EnEG nor the EnEV contains direct demands on Urban Planning Law. As already outlined in Answer 1 the energetic demands on new buildings and the building stock were again noticeably tightened by the EnEV 2007. Important in this context is that the legislator examined the general cost-effectiveness of the measures36 in order to disburden urban land use planning.37
By applying the instruments of urban planning law the compliance with the speciality law demands of the EnEV can be supported. Through regulations in a binding land-use plan various relevant parameters of urban development can be influenced such as the type and degree of development and land-use (§ 9 para. 1 no. 1 BauGB), the type of construction, the plot area to be built on or not to be built on as well as the alignment of the buildings and structures (§ 9 para. 1 no. 2 BauGB) and the size, depth and breadth of a building plot. These regulations can contribute to positively influence the energy consumption of a building.38 Supplementary regulations can be made to further support thermal insulation on buildings such as to plant facade and roof greenery in order to reduce heat loss and improve the development of air cushions.39 § 9 para. 1 no. 25 BauGB provides the appropriate legal basis for such regulations.
2.2.2 Renewable Energies Heat Act (EEWärmeG)
The EEWärmeG does not contain direct demands on urban planning law. The use obligation according to § 3 paragraph 1 EEWärmeG however, due to the different amount of space required for the facilities and the accompanying infrastructure, results in spatial demands that need to be considered in urban planning law.
In a developed area the options for regulation listed in § 9 paragraph 1 BauGB can be used for the use of solar energy on roofs and facades. The installation and operation of solar energy facilities on buildings can be supported by the following regulations40:
– location of building (§ 9 para. 1 no. 2 BauGB i.V.m. § 23 BauNVO),
– alignment of building (§ 9 para. 1 no. 2 BauGB),
– height of building (§ 9 para. 1 no. 1 BauGB i.V.m. § 18 BauNVO),
– altitude (§ 9 para. 1 no. 3),
– shape of building (§ 9 para. 1 no. 2 i.V.m. §§ 22 und 23 BauNVO),
– type of construction (§ 9 para. 1 no. 2 BauGB i.V.m. § 22 BauNVO),
– preparatory measures for the installation of facilities on buildings (§ 9 para. 1 no. 23 lit. b BauGB)and
– bindings for greenery according to § 9 para. 1 no. 24 lit. b BauGB (for avoidance of clouding)
The use of geothermal energy generates different demands of space or the necessity to reserve certain areas depending on the design of the facility (near-surface or depth). Areas for geothermal facilities can be reserved in the binding land-use plan through regulation according to § 9 para. 1 no. 2 BauGB (plot area to be built on or not to be built on), § 9 para. 1 no. 9 BauGB (special use of areas), § 9 para. 1 No. 15 BauGB (open space). Furthermore § 9 para. 1 no. 23 lit. b BauGB enables the stipulation of preparatory measures on buildings if required for the use of geothermal energy.
For the use of biomass the demand of space is not a lot higher than for conventional heating systems. The space required increases however if several buildings are to be supplied by one facility (small district heating system). Adequate areas for facilities can be designated as land for supply according to § 9 para. 1 no. 12 BauGB.
As far as CHP-facilities are to serve as compensational measures appropriate areas for the facility as well as for the supply lines have to be provided. These areas can also be designated as land for supply according to § 9 para. 1 no. 12 BauGB. The spatial demands for supply lines and facility infrastructure emerging from almost all types of Renewable Energies can be designated as land for supply, supply lines and line easements in binding land-use plans.
2.2.3 Renewable Energies Law (EEG)
The provisions laid down in the EEG do not make immediate demands relevant to urban planning but only mediate due to the question where to locate the facilities to be installed and due to the respective remuneration. It has to be differentiated between large-area “photovoltaic open area facilities” and solar facilities being installed at or on a physical structure or a noise barrier (cf. §§ 32 and 33 EEG).
Large-area facilities for the generation of renewable energies on municipal land can spatially be coordinated through preparatory land-use planning that can determine the location of such facilities by accordant designation of land-use. In a binding land-use plan the facilities can be located by determination of the type of structural use according to § 9 para. 1 no. 1 BauGB in conjunction §§ 1-15 BauNVO.
One further mediate demand for urban planning law arises due to the duty to comprehend objectives related to environmental issues in land-use planning within environmental assessment where applicable – and by that also the objectives of the EEG – and to describe how these objectives were factored in at the preparation of the land-use plan.41
2.2.4 Combined Heat and Power Law (KWKG)
The Combined Heat and Power Law is relevant for urban planning law primarily in two respects. On the one hand this relates to locating CHP-facilities on the other hand under planning law to the consideration of new installation and extension of heat networks and its connection to power networks of the net provider.
On the level of a preparatory land-use plan locations of CHP-facilities can be designated as land for utility services according to § 5 para. 2 no. 4 BauGB. This includes the location of the facility itself as well as the location of supply lines. For the binding land-use planning it is of importance, that the land required for according facilities, the supply lines as well as way leaves if applicable can be designated in the plan. Next to these possibilities of designation in the binding land-use plan the possibility exists to regulate these issues in an urban development contract (§ 11 BauGB) as well as in a contract for a project- based binding land-use plan (§ 12 BauGB).
Question 3: Does legislation (questions 1 + 2) only affect the planning for new buildings or does it also affect existing buildings? If yes, describe how.
3.1 Urban Planning Law
There are many starting points in urban planning law to incorporate renewable energies and energy efficiency into urban planning. Land-use planning with its preparatory and binding plans as well as urban development contract is of special importance in this regard. The demands with regard to renewable energies and energy efficiency that can be determined or arranged respectively by designation, regulation or contractual agreements primarily focus on new construction or considerable modernisation of buildings.42 Due to the ownership position protected under constitutional law existing buildings operate in non-compliance under a continuation permit.43The greatest potential for the use of renewable energies and for energy savings can be found in the building stock.44 About 40% of the overall energy consumption in Germany is used in the building sector.45 In this area almost 25% of CO2 emissions of the Federal Republic emerge.46 The demographic change and the structural change in economics are further developments that increasingly move planning and reconstruction within the building stock to the focus of urban development. The review of the Federal Building Code stresses on the importance of inner city development by introducing possibilities to regulate the protection of central supply areas or the consumer-oriented supply according to § 9 paragraph 2a BauGB and the accelerated procedure for setting up binding land-use plans of inner development according to § 13a BauGB.47
In the special urban planning law with its focus on reconstruction, modernisation and development of the building stock renewable energies and energy efficiency so far only play a tangential role. The replanning of existing settlement areas does however definitely seem to provide an opportunity for municipalities in consideration of the legally constituted ownership guarantee.48 For this purpose the municipalities can set up informal concepts such as urban development concepts or framework plans and use binding land-use plans and contracts for formal implementation. Moreover the urban redevelopment contracts according to § 171c BauGB that are particularly tailored to the special urban planning law provide the opportunity to implement specifications on renewable energies and energy efficiency. Due to the consensual character of these contracts they are however dependent on agreement of both contracting parties.49
3.2 Energy Speciality Law
3.2.1 Regulation for Energy Saving in Buildings and Building Systems (EnEG) and Energy Savings Ordinance (EnEV)
The EnEV 2007 decreed on basis of the EnEG aims to limit the energy consumption in case of construction or considerable modification of a building. For this purpose a certain standard of measures for the respective building is determined. In the sense of a basic duty for thermal insulation § 1, paragraph 1 EnEG stipulates that the person constructing a building that according to its specific function needs to be heated or cooled has to design the thermal insulation for the building according to EnEV so that avoidable energy loss when the building is heated or cooled is avoided and hence energy is saved.
Next to the specifications for new construction of a building §§ 9 to 11 EnEV 2007 make demands on the constructional modification of existing buildings. These include mediate obligation to act for a constructional measure, obligations to retrofit and a prohibition to deteriorate building components of relevance to energy saving and service plants. With the EnEV 2009 coming into force on October 1, 2009 the energetic demands on new as well as on existing buildings will again be tightened. For new constructed buildings the demand on the primary energy consumption will be raised by averaged 30% and for exterior building elements by averaged 15% in order to enhance energy efficiency. For greater modifications within the building stock a tightening of the energetic demands on exterior building elements by averaged 30% is proposed.
3.2.2 Renewable Energies Heat Act (EEWärmeG)
The obligation to use renewable energies according to § 3 paragraph 1 EEWärmeG is at first limited to buildings newly constructed.50 Due to the extension clause of the § 3 paragraph 2 EEWärmeG the federal states are entitled to determine an according duty for the use of renewable energies also for existing buildings. This means that such a regulation comprises all buildings that do not meet the temporal application range of the EEWärmeG so that in the end the demands of the EEWärmeG apply to all buildings, to buildings newly constructed mandatorily and to those of the building stock as far as provided for by the federal states.
So far only the federal states Baden-Württemberg and Hamburg have set regulations for the use of renewable energies.51 Baden-Württemberg with the Act for the Use of Renewable Energy in Baden-Württemberg (EwärmeG) of November 20th 200752 and Hamburg with the Climate Protection Ordinance of Hamburg (HmbKliSch VO) of December 11th 2007.53 The different regulations under federal state law enable to gain experience with regard to the use of renewable energies within the building stock. As far as these are included in an experience report according to § 18 EEWärmeG the federal legislator can examine the transferability of the regulations to the EEWärmeG.54
3.2.3 Renewable Energies Law (EEG)
The starting point of the EEG that aims to raise the share of renewable energies is the generation of renewable energy. This results in demands for urban development regarding the location and the installation of facilities for the generation of renewable energies. It does not result in immediate demands on the building stock or the new construction of buildings that use the renewable energies.
Indirectly there is a relation to the building stock via the regulations on remuneration for solar energy in the EEG due to the grading of remuneration of photovoltaic facilities and such facilities that are installed on physical structures or noise barriers. Specifically for open area photovoltaic facilities the remuneration is different on the one hand depending on the existence of a binding land-use plan that either has already been set up or will be set up particularly for this purpose and on the other hand differentiating between open space areas, paved area and conversion areas. Facilities for the generation of solar power that are installed on a physical structure or a noise barrier relate to the building stock inasmuch as it is a precondition for the installation. This however does not result in demands on buildings that use the power of renewable energies.
Further mediate effects on the building stock can arise from regulations of the EEG in the area of supply line infrastructure. Because next to the right to purchase, to transfer and to remunerate power from renewable energies those willing to supply have a right to capacity extension of supply line infrastructure by and at the expense of the network operator in case of shortages.
3.2.4 Combined Heat and Power Law (KWKG)
The KWKG serves the maintenance, modernisation of existing as well as the extension of new CHP-facilities. In addition § 6a KWKG allows for certain demands on the admission of the construction and extension of heat networks. Structural demands arise on CHP-facilities that are constructed and on the legal consideration of new construction and extension of heat networks as well as on their connection to the power networks of the network operators.55 Immediate demands on buildings that are connected to an according heat network however arise neither for new buildings nor the building stock.
Tim Schwarz
1 http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/hintergrund_meseberg.pdf
2 See Ekardt/Schenderlein, Nachhaltigkeit und Klimaschutz im Wohnbereich als Rechtsproblem, Wohnungswirtschaft und Mietrecht 2008, 179 (181); Schläger, Wohnraummietrecht und Umweltschutz, Zeitschrift für Miet- und Raumrecht 2007, 830 (830).
3 See Runkel, Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der aktuellen Gesetzgebung, in: Mitschang (Hrsg), Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Frankfurt am Main 2007, 207 (207).
4 Regulation for Energy Saving in Buildings and Building Systems (EnEG) as amended and promulgated on September 9, 2005, BGBl. I p. 2684, last amended through article 1 of the regulation on March 28, 2009, BGBl. I p. 643.
5 As amended and promulgated on July 7, 2007, BGBl. I p. 1519, last amended through ordinance of April 29, 2009, BGBl. I p. 954.
6 Renewable Energies Heat Act ( EEWärmeG), promulgated on August 7, 2008, BGBl. I p. 1658.
7 Renewable Energies Law ( EEG), promulgated on October 28, 2008, (BGBl. I p. 2074).
8 Combined Heat and Power Law (KWK-Gesetz), promulgated on March 19, 2002, BGBl. I p. 1092, last amended through law of October 25, 2008, BGBl. I p. 2101.
9 See Gärditz, Schwerpunktbereich – Einführung in das Klimaschutzrecht, Juristische Schulung, 2008, 324 (327 f.); Wustlich, Das Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz – Ziel, Inhalte und praktische Auswirkungen, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 10/2008, 1041 f.; Mitschang, Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung als Aufgaben der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, in: Mitschang (Hrsg.), Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Frankfurt am Main 2009, 15 (21 ff); containing further references respectively.
10 In detail: Wustlich, Erneuerbare Wärme im Klimaschutzrecht, Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht, 3/2008, p. 113 ff; Wustlich, Das Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz – Ziel, Inhalte und praktische Auswirkungen, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 10/2008, 1041 ff and Oschmann, Neues Recht für Erneuerbare Energien, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2009, 263 (267 ff).
11 Detailed in: Jacobshagen, Energieeffizienz in der Energieerzeugung – Die Novelle des Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsgesetzes, Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht 10/2008, 449 (449 ff).
12 See. § 1 KWK-Gesetz.
13 Fedreal Building Code (Baugesetzbuch -BauGB), as amended and promulgated on September 9, 2004 (BGBl. I p. 2414), last amended through article. 4 G v. 24.12.2008 (BGBl. I p. 3018).
14 The building control law, regulated in the respective federal states Building Regulations, determines as part of the Public Building Law “how” buildings or structures are to be constructed on a property. The planning law in contrary regulates, “where” development is to take place. 15 Otto, Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung im Bauordnungsrecht der Länder, in: Mitschang (Hrsg.), Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Frankfurt am Main 2009, 181 (199).
16 Building regulation of Hessen – HBO, as promulgated on June 18, 2002 (GVBl. I p. 274), last amended through law of September 6, 2007 (GVBl. I p. 548).
17 Otto, Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung im Bauordnungsrecht der Länder, in: Mitschang (Hrsg.), Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Frankfurt am Main 2009, 181 (199).
18 See Ekardt/Schmitz/Schmidtke, Kommunaler Klimaschutz durch Baurecht, Rechtsprobleme der Solarenergie und der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung, Zeitschrift für Neues Energierecht, 4/2008, 334 (340) and for the current state of the Solar Statue of the City of Marburg and the legal proceedings respectively see: http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/hintergrund_meseberg.pdf, last accessed on August 3, 2009.
19 See: Söfker, Bebauungsplan, Energieeinsparungsverordnung und Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz – zu den Festsetzungen des Bebauungsplans für energiesparende Bauweisen und den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien, Umwelt- und Planungsrecht 3/2009, 81 (82).
20 Deutscher Städtetag, Deutscher Städtetag (Hrsg.), Positionspapier Klimaschutz in den Städten, May 19, 2008, available at: http://www.staedtetag.de, S. 9; Argebau (Hrsg.), report of the project team „Klimaschutz in der Bauleitplanung“, 2008, p. 5.
21 Krautzberger, in: Battis/Krautzberger/Löhr, BauGB, 11th edition, Munich 2009, § 1 Rn. 1.
22 See: Deutscher Städtetag (Hrsg.), Positionspapier Klimaschutz in den Städten, May 19, 2008, available at: http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/hintergrund_meseberg.pdf, p. 7.
23 Law for the adjustment of the Federal Building Code to EU-directives (Europarechtsanpassungsgesetz Bau – EAG Bau) promulgated on June 24 2004 (BGBl. I p. 1359).
24 See Jansen/Albrecht, Umweltschutz im Planungsrecht – Die Verankerung des Klimaschutzes und des Schutzes der biologischen Vielfalt im raumbezogenen Planungsrecht, Umweltbundesamt, Texte 10/2008, S. 16; Söfker, in: Ernst/Zinkahn/Bielenberg/Krautzberger, Baugesetzbuch – comment, loose-leaf-collection, Munich, updated June 1, 2008 (88. EL), § 1 BauGB, ref. 6a and ref. 107a; Krautzberger, in: Battis/Krautzberger/Löhr, BauGB, 11th edition Munich 2009, § 1 BauGB, ref. 46 and ref. 65a; kritisch: Gärditz, Schwerpunktbereich – Einführung in das Klimaschutzrecht, Juristische Schulung, 2008, 324 (328).
25 See on this and on the following: Deutscher Städtetag (Hrsg.), Positionspapier Klimaschutz in den Städten, May 19, 2008, available at:http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/hintergrund_meseberg.pdf, p. 8 ff; Schmidt, Klimaschutz in der Bauleitplanung nach dem BauGB 2004, NVwZ 2006, p. 1354, ff; Söfker, Bebauungsplan, Energieeinsparungsverordnung und Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz – zu den Festsetzungen des Bebauungsplans für energiesparende Bauweisen und den Einsatz Erneuerbarer Energien, Umwelt- und Planungsrecht 3/2009, 81 (83); Krautzberger, in: Battis/Krautzberger/Löhr, BauGB, 11th edition, Munich 2009, § 1 BauGB, ref. 65a; Krautzberger, Baugesetzbuch bietet Chancen. Städtebauliche Möglichkeiten der Kommunen für den Klimaschutz, Stadt und Gemeinde 5/2008, p. 155 (156); see also the explanations of Krautzberger, Städtebauliche Verträge zur Umsetzung klimaschützender und energieeinsparender Zielsetzungen, in: Mitschang (Hrsg.), Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, 109 (111 f.); and: Everding/Schmidt/Apfelstedt, Energieeffizienz und Solarenergienutzung in der Bauleitplanung – Zusammenfassung und Thesen zum Rechts- und Fachgutachten, Rechtsgutachten, München 2007, 41 ff; in contrast too restrictive: Gärditz, Schwerpunktbereich – Einführung in das Klimaschutzrecht, Juristische Schulung, 2008, 324 (328).
26 Dismissive: Söfker, Bebauungsplan, Energieeinsparungsverordnung und Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz – zu den Festsetzungen des Bebauungsplans für energiesparende Bauweisen und den Einsatz Erneuerbarer Energien, Umwelt- und Planungsrecht 3/2009, 81 (87); Janssen/Albrecht, Umweltschutz im Planungsrecht, 53; Jäde, in: Jäde/Dirnberger/Weiß, Baugesetzbuch Baunutzungsverordnung Kommentar, 5th edition Stuttgart, 2007, § 9 BauGB, ref. 75; Sparwasser/Mock, Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Bebauungsplan, ZUR 2008, 469 (470 f.); additional: Löhr, in: Battis/Krautzberger/Löhr, BauGB, 11th edition, Munich 2009, § 9 BauGB, Rn. 86; also affirming the installation: Schrödter, in: Schrödter (Hrsg.), Baugesetzbuch – Kommentar, 7th edition Munich 2006, § 9 BauGB, ref. 138c; Gaentzsch, in: Schlichter/Stich (Hrsg.), Berliner Kommentar zum Baugesetzbuch, 3th edition, loose-leaf-collection, Cologne, Munich, 12. Lfg. 12/08, § 9 BauGB, ref. 60b; Schmidt, Klimaschutz in der Bauleitplanung nach dem BauGB 2004, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 2006, 1354 (1359 f.); Ekardt/Schmitz/Schmidtke, ZNER 2008, 334 (337); Klinski/Longo, Kommunale Strategien für den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien im Rahmen des öffentlichen Baurechts, Zeitschrift für neues Energierecht 2007, 41 (43); Deutscher Städtetag, Positionspapier Klimaschutz in den Städten, May 19,2008, available at:http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/hintergrund_meseberg.pdf, S. p.
27 Löhr, in: Battis/Krautzberger/Löhr, BauGB, 11th edeition, Munich 2009, § 9 ref. 5.
28 § 12 Abs. 3 p. 2 BauGB.
29 See Deutscher Städtetag (Hrsg.), Positionspapier Klimaschutz in den Städten, May 19,2008, available at: http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/hintergrund_meseberg.pdf, p. 10; Schmidt, Klimaschutz in der Bauleitplanung nach dem BauGB 2004, NVwZ 2006, 1345 (1354); Krautzberger, Klimaschutz als Aufgabe städtebaulicher Verträge und kooperativer Stadterneuerung, Flächenmanagement und Bodenordnung, 6/2008, 1 (2 ff); Krautzberger, Baugesetzbuch bietet Chancen. Städtebauliche Möglichkeiten der Kommunen für den Klimaschutz, Stadt und Gemeinde 5/2008, 155 (156); Söfker, Bebauungsplan, Energieeinsparungsverordnung und Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz – zu den Festsetzungen des Bebauungsplans für energiesparende Bauweisen und den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien, Umwelt- und Planungsrecht 3/2009, 81 (87); Krautzberger, Städtebauliche Verträge zur Umsetzung klimaschützender und energieeinsparender Zielsetzungen, in: Mitschang (Hrsg.), Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, 109 (113 ff); Löhr, in: Battis/Krautzberger/Löhr, BauGB, 11th edition, Munich 2009, § 11 BauGB, Rn. 20a; Everding/Schmidt/Apfelstedt, Energieeffizienz und Solarenergienutzung in der Bauleitplanung – Rechts- und Fachgutachten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Baugesetzbuch-Novelle 2004, München 2007, p. 52 f.
30 § 136 para. 2 s. 1 and para. 4 s. 1 BauGB.
31 § 136 para. 2 s. 2 no. 2 and para. 3 no. 2 BauGB.
32 § 136 para. 2 s. 2 no. 2 and para. 3 no. 2 BauGB.
33 Examples for BIDs in Hamburg, see:http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/hintergrund_meseberg.pdf, last accessed August 5, 2009.
34 Büttner/Gorgol, HID STEILSHOOP, PlanerIn 1/2009, 37 ff
35 See on this and on the following: Krautzberger, Klimaschutz als Aufgabe städtebaulicher Verträge und kooperativer Stadterneuerung, Flächenmanagement und Bodenordnung, 6/2008, 1 (4); Krautzberger, Baugesetzbuch bietet Chancen. Städtebauliche Möglichkeiten der Kommunen für den Klimaschutz, Stadt und Gemeinde 5/2008, 155 (156); Krautzberger, Städtebauliche Verträge zur Umsetzung klimaschützender und energieeinsparender Zielsetzungen, in: Mitschang (Hrsg.), Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Frankfurt am Main 2009, 109 (123 f.).
36 On this there are different studies available at www.bbsr.bund.de.
37 Söfker, Bebauungsplan, Energieeinsparungsverordnung und Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz – zu den Festsetzungen des Bebauungsplans für energiesparende Bauweisen und den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien, Umwelt- und Planungsrecht 3/2009, 81 (82).
38 Umweltbundesamt (Hrsg.), Umweltschutz im Planungsrecht, Dessau-Roßlau 2008, p. 69.
39 Wirtschaftsministerium Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.), Städtebauliche Klimafibel Online, updated November 21, 2007;http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/hintergrund_meseberg.pdf, last accessed February 24, 2009.
40 On the options for regulation in detail: Everding, Solares Bauen und aktuelle Entwicklungen im Baurecht, Zeitschrift für Neues Energierecht 2/2005, 140 (145); Umweltbundesamt (Hrsg.), Umweltschutz im Planungsrecht, Dessau-Roßlau 2008, S. 53 f.
41 See on this also: Würtenberger, Der Klimawandel in den Umweltprüfungen, Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht 4/2009, 171 (171 ff).
42 Klinski/Longo, Kommunale Strategien für den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien im Rahmen des öffentlichen Baurechts, Zeitschrift für Neues Energierecht, 2007, 41 (46 f.).
43 Ekardt/Schmitz/Schmidtke, Kommunaler Klimaschutz durch Baurecht: Rechtsprobleme der Solarenergie und der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung, Zeitschrift für Neues Energierecht, 4/2008, 334 (340).
44 See Deutscher Städtetag, Positionspapier Klimaschutz in den Städten, May 19, 2008, available at:http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/hintergrund_meseberg.pdf, p. 8.
45 See Runkel, Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der aktuellen Gesetzgebung, in: Mitschang (Hrsg), Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Frankfurt am Main 2007, 207 (207).
46 See Ekardt/Schenderlein, Nachhaltigkeit und Klimaschutz im Wohnbereich als Rechtsproblem, Wohnungswirtschaft und Mietrecht 2008, 179 (181); Schläger, Wohnraummietrecht und Umweltschutz, Zeitschrift für Miet- und Raumrecht 2007, 830 (830).
47 This is already revealed by the title of the law: „Law to facilitate planning projects for inner city development”(Gesetz zur Erleichterung von Planungsvorhaben für die Innenentwicklung der Städte), see on this: Battis/Krautzberger/Löhr, Gesetz zur Erleichterung von Planungsvorhaben für die Innenentwicklung der Städte („BauGB 2007“), Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 2007, 121 (121 ff) with further references.
48 Ekardt/Schmitz/Schmidtke, Kommunaler Klimaschutz durch Baurecht, Rechtsprobleme der Solarenergie und der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung, Zeitschrift für Neues Energierecht, 4/2008, 334 (340).
49 On this critically: Ekardt/Schmitz/Schmidtke, Kommunaler Klimaschutz durch Baurecht, Rechtsprobleme der Solarenergie und der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung, Zeitschrift für Neues Energierecht, 4/2008, 334 (341 f.).
50 Wustlich, Das Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz – Ziel, Inhalte und praktische Auswirkungen, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 10/2008, 1041 (1046).
51 See Stock, Die Novellen zur Energieeinsparverordnung sowie zum Erneuerbare Energien Wärmegesetz und ihre Auswirkungen auf den Städtebau, in: Mitschang (Hrsg.), Klimaschutz und Energieeinsparung in der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Frankfurt am Main 2009, 11 (11).
52 GBl. 2007, 531; On this in more detail: Wiehe, Die Wärmegesetze von Land und Bund im Überblick, Baden-Württembergische Gemeindezeitung 4/2009, 155 (155 ff).
53 HmbGVBl. 2008, 1.
54 Wustlich, Das Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz – Ziel, Inhalte und praktische Auswirkungen, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 10/2008, 1041 (1046).
55 On this: Jacobshagen, Energieeffizienz in der Energieerzeugung – Die Novelle des Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsgesetzes, ZUR 10/2008, 449 (455 ff).